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To examine the relationship Beethoven had with the piano sonata, we begin by looking at its origins. In this lecture, we will discuss the role of music generally, and of the sonata specifically, in the time of Haydn and Mozart. This lecture will also provide an introduction to the form of the sonata鈥攖o the psychological effect sonata structure has on the listener. This background will be necessary to appreciate the innovations Beethoven introduces.

Beethoven鈥檚 work has traditionally been divided into three or four periods. This is problematic, for various reasons, but the first 13 of the 32 sonatas do, in a sense, form a unit. This lecture will focus on Sonata No. 4, Op. 7, which is the largest and altogether one of the most impressive of the early works. Topics will include Beethoven鈥檚 use of the piano and the use of the sonata as a 鈥渧ehicle鈥� for the pianist, the ways in which this and other early sonatas conform to the model established by Haydn and Mozart and the ways in which they do not, and the foreshadowing of the fixations of the later years, while holding, at least on the surface, to the conventions of the time. Topics will include Beethoven鈥檚 use of the piano, and the use of the sonata as a 鈥渧ehicle鈥� for the pianist, the ways in which this and other early sonatas conform to the model established by Haydn and Mozart and the ways in which they do not, and the foreshadowing of the fixations of the later years, while holding, at least on the surface, to the conventions of the time.

Beethoven鈥檚 conception of the sonata was perpetually in flux, but the year 1801 is a particularly experimental one. The four sonatas Op. 26 through 28 (Nos. 14 through 17, chronologically) feature the most concrete innovations among the sonatas written up to that point, and are the focus of this lecture. There will be discussion of the relationship between the movements in a classical sonata, and the radical shift it begins to undergo at this point. We will also examine the ways in which these sonatas were influential to future generations of composers, which the earlier works, great as they are, were not. As a special feature for this lecture, a recording by a current Curtis student of the first movement of Op. 28 will be available on Curtis Performs.

From 1793 until 1809, Beethoven composed at a steady pace. But for the next several years, he stalled dramatically, as he dealt with the onset of his deafness, severely trying personal circumstances, and the struggle to find what would become his late style, which to a remarkable degree involved the total reinvention of his musical language. This lecture examines the intersection of these three issues, and of his life and music more generally. Works discussed come from this comparatively fallow period and will include the Fantasy, Op. 77, which exemplifies the vital role improvisation played in all of Beethoven鈥檚 music, and the Sonatas Op. 78, and 81a, the 鈥淟ebewohl.鈥� The last of these is one of Beethoven鈥檚 only serious experiments with program music, which made it an important reference point for many 19th-century composers. Another topic will be the ways in which the works of this period seem to manipulate time, which was always one of Beethoven鈥檚 key fascinations, and becomes ever more critical moving into the late period.

For this lecture, the focus will be on the Sonata Op. 109, the first of the final three, in which Beethoven鈥檚 decades-long grappling with the form comes to its astonishing conclusion. We will also look back at the early period鈥攖he Sonata Op. 10, No. 1 (the seventh he wrote) in particular鈥攆or the purposes of 鈥渮ooming out,鈥� and examining the evolution that took place in the interim: an evolution not just of form, but of style, of musical language, of Beethoven鈥檚 conception of the role of music. This lecture will also include a discussion of Beethoven鈥檚 legacy鈥攕pecifically, of the way in which his music came to represent simultaneously the highest possible aspiration and the most insurmountable problem for generations of composers who followed him.

This lecture delves into two of the early sonatas: the F minor, Op. 2, No. 1 (the first of the 32), and the F Major, Op. 10, No. 2. Unlike 鈥淭he First Thirteen鈥� lecture, which was nominally about the Sonata Op. 7 but sought to address the early period in general, this lecture focuses on the specific characteristics that make each of these works unique; one is predominantly a dramatic piece, whereas the other is highly comic. The lecture is also about Beethoven鈥檚 complex relationship with the musical past鈥攈ow he used it as an inspiration even as he tried to leave it behind.

The topic of this lecture is the Sonata Op. 57, commonly known as the "Appassionata"鈥攐ne of Beethoven鈥檚 most iconic works. The sonata鈥檚 unusual (for Beethoven) and unrelenting emotional trajectory is a major topic, as is his use of a surprising chord as a sort of "id茅e fixe," helping to unify the work and drive home its extraordinary character. Another critical topic is the way in which the "Appassionata" exemplifies Beethoven鈥檚 unsurpassed resourcefulness鈥攈ow he can use the slightest of materials to create a vast canvas.

This lecture explores the Sonata Op. 101, commonly thought to be the first sonata that belongs to the late period. Major topics include the first movement鈥檚 unusual harmonic instability, and the way in which this becomes a source of the music鈥檚 character; the way in which the sonata鈥檚 scope expands as it goes along, which helps clarify its status as a late period work, and the sonata鈥檚 great influence on later composers, Schumann and Mendelssohn in particular.

The Learning Library contains supplementary resources to help you during and after this course: lesson notes, suggested readings, and links to streaming audio files for most of the sonatas explored in the course.

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