This module examines the complexities and opportunities within healthcare systems, focusing on how variations and integration play crucial roles. The module begins by examining the market for healthcare from a hospital's perspective, highlighting how variations in demand and supply drive the unique nature of hospital management. The Dartmouth Atlas is referenced to understand micro-area variations, shedding light on how different regions exhibit diverse healthcare dynamics. The module then delves into recent trends in costs and revenues and the interactions between providers, producers, and payers. These interactions create various forms of integration, influenced by regulatory changes and policy shifts. The discussion extends to matching organizational forms with their intended functions, presenting three prototypical approaches鈥攁sset-oriented, disease-oriented, and super-focused. Each approach is analyzed for its applicability and effectiveness in different healthcare contexts. We also explore how these forms dictate the type of innovation and the rate and direction of change. The module discusses opportunities to innovate by going beyond the producer-provider-payer system boundaries. Overall, the module underscores the importance of adapting to variations, embracing integration, and fostering innovation to improve healthcare systems. Learners are encouraged to think critically about these concepts and consider how they can be applied to address contemporary challenges in healthcare.